In the event you’ve heard of billionaire Bryan Johnson, you’ve doubtless encountered the phrase “bio age testing.”
Johnson, the topic of the Netflix documentary Don’t Die, says he’s on a quest to realize the bottom attainable “organic age” (also called bio age).
He reportedly spends hundreds of thousands every year on anti-aging remedies—dozens of day by day dietary supplements, weekly acid peels for his pores and skin, injections to spice up collagen manufacturing, hyperbaric oxygen remedy, and plasma infusions extracted from his 17-year-old son’s physique.
To find out what’s working, Johnson has undergone quite a few assessments to evaluate his bio age. Johnson says these assessments present his age is now 5.1 years youthful than when he launched into his anti-aging quest.
Apparently, he’s ageing in reverse.
Granted, not everybody’s shopping for it. A New York Instances exposé, for instance, claims Johnson’s organic age, in actuality, has elevated by 10 years.1
Nonetheless, Johnson’s “don’t die” campaign is gaining traction.
Bio age assessments are a frequent subject on fashionable podcasts by Peter Attia, Joe Rogan, and Andrew Huberman. Google “bio age testing” and also you’ll see dozens of adverts for mail-order blood or urine testing kits that declare to disclose your organic age, tempo of ageing, and extra. With costs tumbling into affordability, it’s pure to marvel…
Must you or your consumer join bio age testing?
In that case, which check is greatest? Simply as importantly, what must you do with the data?
On this story, you’ll be taught:
What’s your bio age?
Your organic age (bio age) refers to how your cells perform. It’s not essentially the identical as your chronological age, which refers back to the variety of candles in your birthday cake.
For instance, let’s say Chang, a 50-year-old man, works at a desk, spends his free time in entrance of the TV, lives in essentially the most polluted metropolis on the planet, eats a sweet bar for lunch, and smokes. Alternatively, Jabari, a special 50-year-old man, hits the health club a number of occasions every week, lives within the mountains, doesn’t smoke, relishes his 5 servings of veggies a day, meditates, and spends most evenings in his backyard.
Genetics apart, you’d be smart to wager that Jabari’s bio age is youthful than Chang’s.
How do these assessments measure bio age?
Bio age testing kits measure a number of organic markers of ageing, also called biomarkers.
For instance, some assessments give attention to the scale of your telomeres, the protecting caps on the ends of chromosomes. Others measure DNA methylation, a physiological course of that chemically alters DNA.
As soon as an organization isolates and measures these markers out of your blood or urine, it plugs the bio information right into a components that calculates your bio age.
Nonetheless, if you happen to see a physician with any regularity, you’re doubtless already monitoring some biomarkers of ageing. For instance, biomarkers similar to blood strain, levels of cholesterol, and blood glucose may also help predict your threat of future heart problems, a number one explanation for untimely demise.
What’s the purpose of biomarker testing?
Biomarker testing may also help you monitor your wellness proactively somewhat than ready for illness signs to seem.
For some, it additionally serves as a motivator. In the event you be taught you’ve got the bones of somebody 20 years older, this may occasionally provide the nudge it’s worthwhile to begin power coaching constantly.
As well as, biomarkers present goal information, permitting you to trace and consider varied health-related actions quantitatively. By monitoring your blood strain, you may be taught that constant train helps, however your late-afternoon power drink does the alternative.
5 FREE biomarker assessments
You don’t must be a billionaire (or perhaps a millionaire) to trace biomarkers of ageing.
On this part, we’ll cowl a number of massively underappreciated, scientifically validated assessments you should utilize to achieve perception into your bio age—for FREE.
Earlier than scientists developed high-tech blood-based bio age assessments, researchers used these free assessments to calculate the tempo of ageing within the individuals they studied.
FREE biomarker check #1: Get off the ground
People who find themselves fitter and stronger are inclined to reside longer.2
That’s as a result of muscle tissues do extra than simply transfer us round. Additionally they secrete anti-inflammatory substances, assist to manage blood sugar, gradual mobile ageing, shield the liner of the arteries, and extra. All this helps scale back the danger of age-related ailments, similar to sort 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart illness, a phenomenon we discover in our article, The New Science of Muscle.
Associated to power, your skill to stability can be key. In the event you’re middle-aged or older and may’t stand on one foot for not less than 10 seconds, your threat of dying within the subsequent seven years is double that of somebody who can stand for longer, in response to a examine of 1,700 individuals.3
The Sitting-Rising Take a look at (SRT) is one strategy to assess each power and stability on the identical time.
Folks with low scores on this check have a better threat of dying from heart problems, in response to a 12-year examine of 4,200 adults between the ages of 46 and 75.4
▶ Find out how to measure it
Decrease your self to the ground together with your legs in a crisscross place. Then, together with your legs in the identical place, stand again up. As you stand, discover if you happen to should use part of your physique—hand, shin, knee—as leverage.
To attain your self, begin with 10 factors. Then, for every physique half you used to face, deduct a degree. Subtract a half level if you happen to turned unsteady or misplaced your stability.
Remember the fact that this (and different assessments) function a proxy on your health. A low rating signifies that your stability and coordination, muscle power and energy, and mobility could all require some consideration.
FREE biomarker check #2: Squeeze a ball
Just like the SRT check, your grip power supplies perception into your total health. If the muscle tissues in your palms are weak, the muscle tissues all through your physique usually tend to be weak, too.
Poor grip power may also predict future muscle weak spot. In a single examine, individuals with a weak grip had been extra prone to stroll slowly and be unable to rise from a chair, full rigorous home tasks, or climb a flight of steps 25 years later.5
Low grip power has additionally been related to:6
- Low bone mineral density
- Elevated threat of falls
- Poor dietary standing
- Despair
- Poor sleep, cognitive perform, and/or high quality of life
- Elevated threat of coronary heart illness, most cancers, and untimely mortality
In response to one examine, grip power was a greater indicator of longevity (or lack thereof) than blood strain.7
▶ Find out how to measure it
Seize an ordinary tennis ball, and squeeze as exhausting as you possibly can, for so long as you possibly can.
In the event you can handle 15 to 30 seconds earlier than your grip fatigues, you’re doing advantageous. Ninety seconds places you properly above common—something over 90 ranks you solidly within the upper-third percentile.
In the event you’re under 15, remember the fact that this check can be only one indicator of your total power. (And squeezing balls to enhance grip power with out coaching the remainder of your physique is unlikely to make important enhancements in your total well being and health.)
A hand-held dynamometer—accessible to be used at most occupational therapists’ and a few gyms—may also check grip power. (In the event you’re keen to shell out some money, you should purchase your personal for someplace between $100 and $500.)
FREE biomarker check #3: Stand on one foot
A capability to stability on one foot for an prolonged interval may also help scale back your threat of falls, one of many main causes of injury-related demise amongst older adults.
As well as, many alternative bodily programs—the eyes, inside ear, skeletal muscle tissues, and mind—should work collectively that can assist you keep upright.
Circumstances like diabetes, coronary heart illness, and most cancers can all have an effect on stability. In consequence, an incapacity to face on one foot can function a warning signal for eroding well being and health.8
▶ Find out how to measure it
Stand close to a wall or chair for security. Preserve your eyes open and palms in your hips. Then, raise your dominant leg and begin timing your self. As soon as you set your foot down, cease the clock. Repeat the check together with your non-dominant leg.
Upon getting your occasions, evaluate them to the next averages, from a examine out of Duke College, to see how you probably did in comparison with your age-matched friends.9
| Age | Seconds on one leg (males) | Seconds on one leg (females) |
|---|---|---|
| 30-39 | 59 | 56 |
| 40-49 | 56 | 55 |
| 50-59 | 42 | 48 |
| 60-69 | 40 | 38 |
| 70-79 | 27 | 25 |
| 80+ | 13 | 11 |
FREE biomarker check #4: How you’re feeling
Generally you already know why you’re drained, such because the morning after binge-watching the previous few episodes of a thriller. When you compensate for your sleep, the weariness lifts.
That’s not the identical factor as fatigue, which describes persistent exhaustion that worsens over time and interferes with life. Along with feeling bodily drained, somebody who’s fatigued feels mentally uninteresting and emotionally exhausted.
Consider fatigue as an early signal that one thing’s off, particularly if you happen to don’t know the trigger.
Let’s say you’ve already dominated out the same old suspects like an excessive amount of caffeine, dehydration, an excessive amount of alcohol, remedy negative effects, continual stress, or an excessive amount of or too little train. What’s left is probably going a sleep problem or a creating well being downside similar to anemia, weight problems, despair, most cancers, or diabetes, to call a couple of.
In the event you’re 60 or older, fatiguability—or how worn out you’re feeling after an exercise—may also predict longevity.
In response to analysis out of the College of Pittsburgh Medical Middle, the upper somebody scores in fatiguability, the upper their threat of demise sooner or later.10 Different analysis has linked excessive fatiguability with declines in gait velocity, strolling skill, and different assessments of health.11
▶ Find out how to measure it
To measure fatigability, use a software known as the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale. Utilizing a 0 (no fatigue) to five (excessive fatigue) scale, price how fatigued you suppose you’d really feel after finishing the next actions:
| Exercise | Period | Rating (0 to five) |
|---|---|---|
| Leisurely strolling | half-hour | |
| Brisk or quick strolling | 1 hour | |
| Mild family exercise | 1 hour | |
| Heavy gardening or yard work | 1 hour | |
| Watching tv | 2 hours | |
| Sitting quietly | 1 hour | |
| Reasonable-to-high depth power coaching | half-hour | |
| Collaborating in a social exercise | 1 hour | |
| Internet hosting a social occasion for 60 minutes | 1 hour | |
| Excessive depth exercise | half-hour | |
| Add all scores: | ||
In the event you rating lower than 15, you’re doing properly. Scores between 15 and 24 are a warning signal. Something 25 and above is thought to be extreme, and value mentioning to your healthcare skilled.12
FREE biomarker check #5: Physique composition
Regardless of fashionable perception, each too little and an excessive amount of physique fats can affect well being for the more serious, as we discover in our infographic, Is physique fats good or unhealthy for you?
| An excessive amount of fats raises the danger for: | Too little muscle raises threat for: |
|---|---|
| Coronary heart illness | Coronary heart illness |
| Hypertension | Hypertension |
| Most cancers | Most cancers |
| Fatty liver illness | Stroke |
| Insulin resistance | Insulin resistance |
| Sort 2 diabetes | Sooner mobile ageing |
| Irritation | Irritation |
| Joint misery | Despair and nervousness |
| Sleep apnea | Falls and lack of stability |
Your muscle mass additionally performs a job, which is why somebody’s physique composition issues greater than their weight.
The gold normal strategies that estimate physique composition—underwater weighing, air displacement (Bod Pod), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)—definitely aren’t free.
Nonetheless, a current examine decided {that a} good old style (and low cost) tape measure can present a comparably correct estimate of physique composition.13
▶ Find out how to measure it
To make use of a tape measure to maintain monitor of your physique fats proportion, measure:
- The widest a part of your neck
- The narrowest a part of your waist (For some individuals, this can be on the navel. For others, it could be barely above the navel)
- The widest a part of your hips
Make sure the tape is cosy however not so tight that it cuts into the pores and skin. Upon getting your measurements, plug these numbers—alongside together with your age, intercourse, peak, and weight—into our FREE Physique Fats Calculator, which is able to take it from there.
Physician-approved biomarker assessments
Relying on the place you reside on the planet, the next assessments will not be free. Nonetheless, as a part of routine preventative care, your insurance coverage may cowl them.
Physician-approved check #1: Blood panel
In case your major care physician recommends yearly blood work, it’s for good motive.
By holding tabs on a number of blood markers, you possibly can see in case your well being is trending towards sort 2 diabetes or coronary heart illness, each main causes of untimely mortality.
Many blood markers may also be influenced comparatively rapidly (inside 6 to 12 weeks) via life-style adjustments, complement protocols, or medicines. This makes them sensible instruments for monitoring whether or not varied life-style or medical modifications are working.
▶ Find out how to measure it
In the event you’re not already doing so, take into account having the next blood markers examined yearly. Then, discuss to your well being care skilled about what your numbers imply. They may use the next numbers, alongside together with your blood strain, to calculate a heart problems threat rating.
| Blood marker | Optimum vary |
|---|---|
| Complete ldl cholesterol | < 200 mg/dL* |
| LDL | < 100 mg/dL for these with out coronary heart illness < 70 mg/dL for these with a historical past of coronary heart assault or stroke |
| HDL | > 60 mg/dL |
| Triglycerides | < 150 mg/dL |
| Alipoprotein B (Apo B) | < 133 mg/dL (males) < 117 mg/dL (females) |
| Lipoprotein (a) | < 30 mg/dL |
| C-reactive protein | < 2.0 mg/L** |
| Fasting glucose | < 100 mg/dL |
| Hemoglobin A1C | < 5.7% |
*Milligrams per deciliter of blood
**Milligrams per liter
Physician-approved check #2: Bone density
When researchers examine wholesome super-agers aged 90 and older, sturdy bones are certainly one of their defining options.14
Which may be as a result of, like muscle tissues, bones are reside organs that secrete substances which may be helpful to total well being and longevity.15
For instance, bones secrete osteocalcin, a hormone that performs a job in bone reworking. When osteocalcin circulates within the physique, it’s thought to play a job in all the things from serving to muscle tissues to supply ATP to regulating mind neurotransmitters.
Due to these various roles, it’s thought that, as bones put on away, osteocalcin ranges drop, contributing to many age-related well being issues, together with diabetes, low muscle mass, and cognitive points.16 17 (At the least, that’s the idea. Most of this analysis has been achieved on mice.)
Osteocalcin apart, lack of bone density can, after all, result in fractures, which may improve your threat of demise for as much as 10 years after a break.18
It’s particularly vital to maintain tabs on bone well being if you happen to’re in any of those high-risk classes:
- You’re feminine and went via menopause earlier than age 45.
- You’ve been sedentary most of your grownup life.
- You’re taking medicines similar to diuretics or stomach-acid blockers, that are linked with an elevated threat of osteoporosis.
- You may have a historical past of nicotine use or extreme alcohol consumption.
- You may have a medical situation, similar to diabetes or thyroid illness, that raises your threat.
- You may have a household historical past of osteoporosis.
▶ Find out how to measure it
Twin-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are a sort of X-ray that measures the quantity of bone mineral content material packed right into a sq. centimeter of bone.
Insurance coverage usually received’t cowl these scans for individuals youthful than 65 until there’s a documented threat of creating osteoporosis. Out of pocket, the typical value is about $300.
Once you obtain your DEXA outcomes, you’ll see a T-score that represents how your bone density compares to the typical bone density of a younger grownup with peak bone mass. A T-score of +1.0 to -1.0 means you’ve got regular bone mineral density for somebody your age. Something under -1.0 means you might need osteopenia (low bone mineral density) or osteoporosis (porous bones which are susceptible to fracture).
Business bio age assessments
You probably have some cash to burn, you possibly can be taught an terrible lot about your physique.
Right here, you’ll discover a fast run-down on a few of the extra high-tech assessments you will get and what they’ll let you know.
Nonetheless, earlier than we get into the main points, we need to level out a couple of caveats:
▶ Organic age can fluctuate over time, and by organ. Somebody could undergo a interval of accelerated ageing—saying, throughout a interval of intense stress—then their price of ageing could gradual as they focus extra on restoration. Moreover, organs can age at completely different charges. For instance, somebody with coronary heart illness could have a comparatively older coronary heart than their kidneys. (Not all assessments measure particular person organ age, nevertheless it’s changing into extra frequent.)
▶ Business assessments received’t all the time precisely mirror the adjustments you’re making. Till extra analysis helps the reliability of those assessments, consider your behaviors over remoted check outcomes. In the event you’re consuming extra fruits and veggies, exercising extra constantly, managing stress, and in any other case slaying the wholesome life-style division, don’t sweat your outcomes. Concentrate on doing the issues we all know enhance well being.
▶ If an organization pairs your check outcomes with a tough promote for a proprietary and costly complement protocol, be cautious. It’s higher to share and focus on your outcomes with a trusted well being skilled than take well being recommendation from a profit-seeking stranger over the web.
Business check #1: DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a organic course of that chemically alters DNA. As a result of the speed of methylation accelerates with ageing, it may be used to estimate somebody’s organic age and life expectancy, finds analysis.19 20 21
The Horvath Clock and DunedinPACE each measure particular biomarkers that can be utilized to higher perceive somebody’s methylation price. Scientists developed these assessments to assist different scientists examine how varied life-style elements, environmental exposures, and medicines have an effect on ageing. They didn’t develop the assessments as a manner for the typical particular person to pinpoint their organic age. (Which hasn’t stopped firms from promoting DNA methylation testing kits to the general public.) They value about $300.
In the event you determine to get certainly one of these assessments, remember your outcomes received’t provide you with a whole image of your well being and longevity. Ageing usually happens at various charges all through the physique. Your liver may age sooner than your coronary heart or mind, for instance. So if you happen to measure DNA methylation in your blood, that’s all you already know about. Put one other manner, a DNA methylation check isn’t an alternative choice to your annual wellness checkup or blood work.
Business check #2: Telomere evaluation
Telomeres—the protecting caps on the ends of chromosomes—put on away with age. The size of a telomere can predict what number of occasions a selected cell can divide earlier than dying.
Abnormally brief telomeres are related to a number of genetic ailments. For that reason, when physicians suspect somebody might need inherited a genetic illness, they’ll order a selected sort of telomere check—the flow-FISH check—to measure the telomere size in all of the cells in a blood pattern.22 23
It’s extra debatable whether or not telomere assessments can predict ageing in wholesome individuals.
Simply as importantly, the telomere check marketed to the general public, often called the qPCR telomere check, isn’t utilized in analysis or medication. These $100 assessments are advantageous if you happen to’re merely curious—simply don’t base well being and health choices in your outcomes.
Business check #3: VO2 Max
For years, solely elite athletes cared about VO2 max, which describes the utmost quantity of oxygen that your physique can use throughout train.
Extra not too long ago, nonetheless, some specialists have recommended that VO2 max can function a measure for athletes and non-athletes alike to trace the speed at which their our bodies are ageing.
Folks with excessive VO2 max have a tendency not solely to be extra bodily match but additionally much less prone to develop coronary heart illness, diabetes, most cancers, or stroke.24 25 26 27
In an observational examine that adopted the well being outcomes of 5,107 Danish males over 46 years, males with above-average V02 max throughout center age lived a median of 5 years longer than males with below-average V02 max. Every unit improve in VO2 max was related to a 45-day improve in longevity. The researchers recommended VO2 max could extra precisely predict all-cause mortality than excessive ldl cholesterol, weight problems, hypertension, and insulin resistance.28
You may consider V02 max as a canary and your ageing physique as a coal mine.
As you age, your chest wall turns into extra inflexible, the muscle tissues that encompass the lungs weaker, and the oxygen-carrying blood vessels calcified and fewer elastic. The guts additionally squeezes with much less pressure, max coronary heart price drops, muscle mass and power decline, the mitochondria in cells and muscle tissues lose their effectiveness, amongst different variations.
Along with elevating your threat for a lot of completely different ailments, these adjustments may also have an effect on VO2 max, which tends to say no 10 p.c per decade beginning round age 30.29 30
Up to now, the one strategy to reliably measure VO2 max was in a health lab.
You’ll put on a metabolic masks and a coronary heart monitor whilst you ran or cycled to exhaustion. The masks collected your expired carbon dioxide and monitored how a lot oxygen you sucked into your lungs. This lab-based testing continues to be essentially the most correct strategy to measure V02 max in addition to different key health metrics similar to:
- Max coronary heart price, or the very best variety of occasions your coronary heart can beat per minute throughout train
- Ventilatory threshold 1, or the purpose throughout train when the physique switches from primarily utilizing fats for gasoline to utilizing a mix of fats and glucose or glycogen (saved glucose) for gasoline.
- Ventilatory threshold 2, or the purpose the place your physique strikes away from cardio metabolism (which makes use of oxygen) to anaerobic metabolism (which doesn’t use oxygen).
- Tidal quantity is the quantity of air inhaled or exhaled throughout every breath
Relying on the place you reside, you may be capable to get your VO2 max examined for round $150.
Nonetheless, if you happen to don’t have entry to a VO2 max clinic, three considerably much less correct choices exist.
▶ The 1-mile stroll check
Put on a coronary heart price monitor as you stroll one mile on a flat floor, similar to a treadmill or working monitor. As quickly as you full the mile, document your coronary heart price and stroll time. Then, plug it into the next components to calculate your VO2 max:
132.853 — (0.0769 × Weight) — (0.3877 × Age) + (6.315 × Intercourse) — (3.2649 × Time) — (0.1565 × Coronary heart price)
If that looks like an excessive amount of math, you too can use a free on-line software.
▶ The smartwatch check
Many smartwatches will estimate your VO2 Max for you primarily based on info the watch gathers out of your exercises, intercourse, and age. In comparison with in-office testing, sensible watches can over- or underestimate V02 max, particularly in people who find themselves very out of practice or extraordinarily match.31
Due to this, you don’t essentially need to use your sensible watch measurement to find out your present state of well being. Nonetheless, it can enable you to to see traits. For instance, does your VO2 estimate drop after a couple of weeks of skipping your standard spin class? In that case, that’s good info to have.
▶ The PR check
Health efficiency correlates with longevity. In the event you’re getting sooner at working a sure distance or can go an extended distance than earlier than, you’re getting fitter and growing your probabilities of dwelling a protracted, wholesome life.
One strategy to check this: the 12-minute run check, also called the Cooper check. (This can be a validated strategy to estimate VO2 max—and reveals a few 90 p.c correlation with lab-based measurements.)
Right here’s the way it works:
Run as quick as you possibly can on a flat floor, similar to a treadmill set at a 1 p.c incline or working monitor, for 12 minutes. After 12 minutes, document your distance. Then, plug it into one of many following formulation to calculate your VO2 max.
| Distance in Miles | Distance in Kilometers | |
|---|---|---|
| VO2 Max = | (35.97 x distance in miles) – 11.29 | (22.351 x distance in kilometers) – 11.288 |
In lieu of doing math, you too can use a free on-line calculator.
Find out how to change your organic age
Strive to think about the data you collect about your physique as simply that—info.
It’s not an ethical judgment of who you’re as an individual.
Simply as importantly, it’s not a everlasting state of affairs.
- In the event you’re weaker than different individuals your age, you possibly can develop stronger.
- In case your ldl cholesterol or blood glucose ranges are excessive, you possibly can take steps to decrease them.
- In case your physique is ageing sooner than your birthdays, take into account exploring key life-style adjustments which will assist flip the state of affairs round.
You may have choices. Nonetheless, most individuals make two large errors with regards to longevity-related life-style adjustments.
Mistake #1: Ignoring evergreen, big-impact methods
It’s the straightforward, boring, “I’ve heard this one million occasions earlier than” well being practices that, when achieved constantly, add as much as a protracted, wholesome life.
We’re speaking about issues like…
- Consuming extra minimally processed meals and fewer ultra-processed meals
- Consuming extra brightly coloured fruits and veggies
- Shifting your physique frequently
- Getting sufficient relaxation and sleep
- Having fun with neighborhood, time in nature, and different actions that make life significant
- Holding alcohol consumption average
- Not utilizing tobacco
- Sporting sunscreen
- Flossing
And that’s only a partial checklist.
In response to hundreds of research, individuals who follow these and different high-impact methods not solely reside longer, but additionally reside higher. They’re stronger, happier, and fewer prone to spend their later years disabled or in ache.
(In the event you’d wish to see the place you stand with regards to large influence well being and longevity methods, try our FREE Longevity Evaluation.)
Nonetheless, with regards to well being, health, and longevity, many individuals pursue choices with minimal influence (at greatest). They attain for the newest, stylish complement somewhat than taking steps to stop smoking, as only one instance.
Right here’s the factor: Huge rock methods require adjustments in conduct. If day by day bodily exercise had been as simple as popping a tablet, walkers and cyclists would clog up the streets in your neighborhood.
(It’s exactly this motive why so many individuals want the assist of an authorized well being coach who has undergone coaching within the science of conduct change.)
Mistake #2: Not turning information into motion
The information gathered from biomarker ageing assessments can provide you a way of management.
Nonetheless…
Knowledge, in isolation, doesn’t result in an extended life.
Gathering information with out altering your conduct is like checking your reflection within the mirror, seeing spinach wedged between your incisors, and leaving it there.
It’s essential to take away the spinach for the mirror examine to be worthwhile.
Biomarker testing is similar.
In the event you don’t use your bio information to tell conduct change, you’re losing your time and money.
Take into account your biomarker information as a baseline or start line.
Then, use it to evaluate whether or not varied life-style adjustments or medical interventions are transferring you nearer to your purpose of dwelling an extended, more healthy life.
References
Click on right here to view the data sources referenced on this article.
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